经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources

　　稀缺性是指社会拥有的资源是有限的，因此不能生产人们希望拥有的所有物品和劳务。Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.

 

　　原理一人们面临权衡取舍。People face tradeoffs.

 

　　社会面临的一种权衡取舍：效率和平等。

 

　　效率是指社会能从其稀缺资源中得到较多的东西。Efficiency means that society is getting the most it can from its scarce resources.

 

　　平等是指将这些资源的成果公平的分配给社会成员。Equity means that the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among society’s members.

 

　　原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。The cost of something is what you give up to get it.

 

　　一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西。The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item.

 

　　原理三：理性人考虑边际量。Rational people think at the margin.

 

　　边际变动是围绕你所做的事的边缘的调整。Marginal changes are adjustment around the edges of what you are doing.

 

　　在于多情况下，人们通过考虑边际量来做出较优决策。In many situations,people make the best decisions thinking at the margin.

 

　　原理四：人们会对激励做出反应。People respond to incentives.

 

　　由于人们通过比较成本和利益作出决策，所以，当成本或利益变动时，人们的行为也会改变。Because people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits,their behavior may change when the costs or benefits change.

 

　　公共决策者决不应忘记激励，因为许多政策改变了人们面临的成本或利益，从而改变了行为。

 

　　Public policymakers fail to consider how their policies affect incentives,for many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and,therefore,alter behavior.

 

　　原理五：贸易能使每个人状况更好。Trade can make everyone better off.

 

　　通过与他人交易，人们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品与劳务。By trading with others,people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower cost.

 

　　国家和家庭一样能从相互交易中获益。Countries as well as families benefit from the ability to trade with one another.

 

　　原理六市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.

 

　　在一个市场经济中，中央计划者的决策被千百万企业和家庭的决策取代。In a markets economy the decisions of a central planner are replaced by the decisions of millions of firms and households.

 

　　市场经济在以一种促进普遍福利的方式组织经济活动方面非常成功。Market economy have proven remarkably successful in organizing economic activity in a way that promotes overall economic well-being.

 

　　原理七：政府有时可以改善市场结果。Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.

 

　　经济学家用市场失灵来指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。Economists use the term market failure to refer to a situation in which the market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources.

 

　　外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。Externality is the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.

 

　　市场势力是指一个人或一小群人不适当的影响市场价格的能力。Market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to unduly influence market prices.

 

　　原理八：异国的生活水品取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.

 

　　几乎所有的生活水品的变动都可以归结于各国生产率的差别。Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries in countries’productivity.

 

　　原理九：党政府发行了过多的货币时，物价上升。Prices rise when the government prints too much money.

 

　　通货膨胀是经济中物价总水平的上升。Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.

 

　　原理十：社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡。society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.

 

　　说明通货膨胀和事业之间短期权衡取舍的曲线被称为菲利普斯曲线。The curve that illustrates this short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is called the Phillips curve.

 

　　该曲线对理解经济周期——用雇佣的人数或生产的物品或劳务来衡量的，经济活动中无规律的、大部分无法预测的波动——是重要的。It is important for understanding the business cycle--the irregular and large unpredictable fluctuations in economic activity,as measured by the number of people employed or the production of goods and services.

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